patrick.net

https://twitter.com/ArainGang/status/1562937075317366785
Some folktales claim that the Ror of Haryana are a branch of the Marathas of Maharashtra, however modern genetic analysis has shown no immediate connection.

In fact, according to one estimate, the Ror are genetically closer to Chechens in Russia, than to Marathas.

https://twitter.com/ArainGang/status/1559394781603631104
The Genetic Distance between Indians of different castes is massive, similar to the distance between entirely different ethnic groups in rest of the world.
The two largest castes in Uttar Pradesh, the Yadav and Chamar, are more distant genetically than Germans and Greeks.

https://twitter.com/ArainGang/status/1559395093647306752
The next two largest castes in Uttar Pradesh, the Brahmins and Kshatriyas (Rajputs), are as genetically distant as the Irish are from the Swiss.

Interesting. I was taught in school that India at one time was subjugated and dominated by Caucasian invaders. I would have though a bit more 'Steppe Aryan' in there.

It depends a lot on whether you are looking at the whole chromosome or just at the Y chromosome (inherited from men only). The term for a group defined by half of the human chromosome is "haplogroup". You can use it when speaking of Y, inherited from men, or the mitochondrial DNA in every cell, which is inherited from women.

Indian men mostly in the R1a haplogroup, which is very similar to most of Europe, especially Eastern Europe. Most of Western Europe is in the R1b haplogroup, which is of course very similar to R1a.

But the Muslim invaders in India were mostly of the J haplogroup, not R.

Then again, the R haplogroup was introduced a few thousand years before the Muslim invaders with the Aryan invaders.

Patrick says

It depends a lot on whether you are looking at the whole chromosome or just at the Y chromosome (inherited from men only). The term for a group defined by half of the human chromosome is "haplogroup". You can use it when speaking of Y, inherited from men, or the mitochondrial DNA in every cell, which is inherited from women.

Indian men mostly in the R1a haplogroup, which is very similar to most of Europe, especially Eastern Europe. Most of Western Europe is in the R1b haplogroup, which is of course very similar to R1a.

But the Muslim invaders in India were mostly of the J haplogroup, not R.

Then again, the R haplogroup was introduced a few thousand years before the Muslim invaders with the Aryan invaders.

Interesting.I think the bottom line is as we move towards European side of Indian sub continent, we start to see more european ancestry.
Is this due to mass rape of native women by European invaders?.. Can you shed some light about your reasons for above.
It would be hard to imagine that women also moved with invading army.

The main point is that the invaders tend to rape the women, or take them for wives, and so the invaded culture tends to remain what it was on the maternal side, but to take on the invaders' genes on the paternal side.

The same thing is true in many places. For example, in Latin America, almost all the men have Spanish R-group Y chromosomes, but the maternal lineage is the native Indians (American Indians).

And yes, the women generally did not move with the invading army, but stayed where they were born. So maternal genes did not move as far or as quickly.

It's all quite a mess of statistics:

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Y-DNA_haplogroups_in_populations_of_South_Asia

But the largest single groups are like this:

native Indian men: H
descendants of Muslim invaders: J
descendants of Aryan invaders: R