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Should land be free?


               
2007 Jan 15, 10:47pm   22,544 views  149 comments

by Different Sean   follow (0)  

Les Miserables

Paying money for land probably stems from feudal arrangements, where land ownership rested in few hands, then ownership was slowly leaked to the masses for a price over many centuries. New World countries appropriated land from the indigenous inhabitants, and then proceeded to parcel it out under much the same arrangements. The centuries-old system of claiming and valuing land title could be called into question.

Henry George, the great American political economist, proposed (more or less) that land should really have no value, but should be taxed according to its use.

If land was free, property bubbles (really land value speculation bubbles) arguably could not occur. Following George, land could be made available for housing, industry, and so on, allocated under planning controls, and taxes levied accordingly. Thus, a house sale price would consist of the labour and materials value of the house, plus some allowance for a land tax. A farm would be taxed on being a farm, a factory a factory, and so on.

Here is a long excerpt from Wikipedia about Henry George:

George lived in California at a time of rapid growth. In particular he had noticed that the construction of railroads in California was pushing up land values and rents as fast or faster than wages were rising.

On a trip to New York City George was struck by the apparent paradox that the poor in that long-established city were much worse off than the poor in less developed California. This paradox supplied the theme and title for his 1879 book Progress and Poverty, which was a huge success, selling over 3 million copies. In it George made the argument that a sizeable portion of the wealth created by social and technological advances in a free market economy is captured by land owners and monopolists via economic rents, and that this concentration of unearned wealth is the root cause of poverty. George considered it a great injustice that private profit was being earned from restricting access to natural resources while productive activity was burdened with heavy taxes, and held that such a system was equivalent to slavery - a concept somewhat similar to wage slavery. The appropriation of oil royalties by magnates of petrol-rich countries may be seen as an equivalent form of rent-seeking activity: since natural resources are given freely by Nature rather than being products of human labor or entrepreneurship, no single individual should be allowed to acquire unearned revenues by monopolizing their commerce. The same holds true about every other mineral and biological raw resource.

Henry George - Wikipedia

I am not suggesting Henry George was always 'right', or that his proposed systems should be adopted wholesale. But should land be free, or valued at a nominally low rate? I suppose I am considering the large planned tracts of suburban residential or commercial land we see daily, not oilfields or goldfields. (Then there is the question of valuing water views...) And I'm more interested in depressing land prices than raising land taxes.

Have at it. There's something here for everyone -- you know who you are. Any mathematical paradoxes put forward will be viewed with the utmost suspicion. Trolls will be tolerated, except when obliterated.

DS

#housing

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1   ak268   @   2007 Jan 15, 11:44pm  

The Bush years have seen a rise in debt slavery born out of an unrestrained credit bubble. We might call this Bushanomics. It funds both housing and the continued Iraq fiasco. Things have not gone well there so now we are going to spice things up with a troop surge. The Bush recipe continues to ripen prospering some and ruining others. Its repercussions are likely to reach well beyond January 2009.

2   Randy H   @   2007 Jan 16, 1:04am  

I don't think it's terribly difficult to deconstruct Georgist arguments.

Land is valued, in a free market, by its various components. Land has intrinsic value, which sometimes maybe very low or effectively zero -- such as undeveloped, inaccessible swampland. Some land has very high intrinsic value, such as natural harbors or fertile farmland.

Potential usage also drives land value. Extraction of resource, establishment of productive commerce, industry or residential stock.

Microeconomics is the final component. Supply and demand. George lived during a period of dramatic capital creation, the industrial revolution. Had he lived to write about late 20th-Century Gary Indiana, he would have realized the essential flaw in his theory.

There certainly is a huge state component in apportionment of land, and thus in one of its fundamental value drivers. Regulations implied and explicit also serve to introduce friction into the free market function of the land market. Not all of this is bad. For example, the short-term benefit of building landfills next to schools is probably outweighed by the long-term detriment.

But, how exactly would one (one being a sovereign governing body) go about "depressing land prices"? I'm very curious to hear what grand price-control scheme will produce superior economic outcomes, especially given the enormous inefficiencies introduced by that very act.

People have always valued land, even when land ownership was prohibited (all land owned by the state). All that happens then is a "secondary market" or "black market" for land rights emerges spontaneously. So it costs political currency instead of ubiquitous tender currency, but the land still has value far beyond George's notions.

And let's roll back to the pre-Feudal period when apparently land was abundant, free, and we all lived in harmony. Who owned land in the various empires of Antiquity? How was land apportioned? By a market, or by the point of a spear? Even the non-agrarian peoples fought fiercely over land as it represented hunting territory. That land had value, and there was a market for it. Just not a market very sympathetic to making the wrong bet.

But today, with all our terrible notions of personal property rights, land ownership, an impartial arbitrating marketplace, and as close to equality of ownership as has ever existed, we're to believe we're all just slaves? Oy.

3   Peter P   @   2007 Jan 16, 1:39am  

Land is valued, in a free market, by its various components.

Absolutely.

Land should not be free. In fact, everything should have a price.

4   astrid   @   2007 Jan 16, 1:46am  

No. Alternatives to private landownership is filled with moral hazards and inducements to inefficient behavior.

BTW, anyone here want a 10 months subscription to the Economist? I traded some unusable NW frequent flier miles for a year's subscription but I find its editorials even more indigestible than when I cancelled it the first time in 2002. I couldn't get any money back if I cancelled my subscription, so I'd be happy to send the remainder of my subscription to someone here.

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