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"I also find that the fervor with which some atheists pursue their belief in no-god with great fanatical zealotry. And this is now "PC" to be that way. And its not going to turn out well - like it or not, but ecclesiastical factions in a society are a part of a greater balance."
Right?
It's almost like each and every one of these individuals have unresolved emotional trauma related to their experience with religious upbringing or unresolved chemical imbalances that cause them to want to thrust atheism down the throats of others.
I've spent roughly half my life as an atheist and half as a born again Christian and not once have I had the desire to force someone else to accept my beliefs nor have I felt compelled to insult and/or belittle those who believe differently than I do.
Maybe atheists dont plan on helping a police state form, but moral relativism, hedonism and police states have been around for a long time.
Feel free to resurrect this old thread: http://patrick.net/?p=1219145
Finally got to read your old post. Thanks for providing the link to the article that you are so proud of.
Wow! It's amazing how narrow the knowledge base is among today's young kids. The Spanish Inquisition investigated a total of about 125k people, of which 1.8% were executed. That's about 2000 people total over about 170 years. 170 years! The French atheist revolutionaries killed more priests than that in one year! The Stalinist, Maoist and Pol Pottist executed more religious people in a day than that in pursuit of "scientific atheism."
The Holocaust was a racial event, not a religious one. The victims were targeted according to biology (1/8 biological Jew); many were converted Jewish Christians, even atheist Jews and non-practicing Jews. If anything, the theory was a vulgarized version of Darwinism made palatable to the first few generations of modern public-school educated crowd, Social Darwinism. Prussia was the first to implement mass brain washing in public schools. The Catholics were also persecuted by the Nazi regime, which was atheistic to occultist.
The extermination of native Americans and slavery again could hardly be attributed to religion. Pure greed drove both. Many religious groups actually tried to protect some of the victims by converting them to Christianity.
The Spanish Inquisition investigated a total of about 125k people, of which 1.8% were executed.
Wow, trying to rationalize the Spanish Inquisition. That's a whole new type of fucked up I've never heard of before. How many countless thousands were tortured both officially investigated and not. How many millions were kept living in fear?
And the Inquisition was just one small part of the atrocities committed in the name of Christianity.
he Catholics were also persecuted by the Nazi regime, which was atheistic to occultist.
Nazi atheistic? Why don't you just make out George Washington to be a smurf while you're rewriting history?
The Spanish Inquisition investigated a total of about 125k people, of which 1.8% were executed.
Wow, trying to rationalize the Spanish Inquisition. That's a whole new type of fucked up I've never heard of before. How many countless thousands were tortured both officially investigated and not. How many millions were kept living in fear?
And the Inquisition was just one small part of the atrocities committed in the name of Christianity.
I just cited the stats, with no moral weighing whatsoever. You were the one who excused Stalinists and Maoists that killed thousands times more people in pursuit of their "scientific atheistic" states. On the order of 100,000,000 vs.
2,000
he Catholics were also persecuted by the Nazi regime, which was atheistic to occultist.
Nazi atheistic? Why don't you just make out George Washington to be a smurf while you're rewriting history?
Nazis were indeed atheistic. In case you didn't know, "Nazi" stands for National Socialism. It was atheistic nationalism and atheistic socialism. Some of the particular leaders were (allegedly) into Occultism.
Apparently you aren't able to tell the difference between state-controlled fake religious institutions vs. genuine religious institutions. Both Soviet Union and Red China also had fake "patriotic churches" entirely controlled by the atheistic governments.
If you believe Nazis were Christians, how do you explain their mass killing of Jews who had converted to Christianity? It was Social Darwinism.
All religious institutions are fake. And it's religion's control of the state that you really need to be worried about.
The historical record stands on it own.
If you believe Nazis were Christians, how do you explain their mass killing of Jews who had converted to Christianity? It was Social Darwinism.
bigotry
All religious institutions are fake. And it's religion's control of the state that you really need to be worried about.
The historical record stands on it own.
What religion was in control of the worst governments in human history: Pol Pot's Cambodia, Mao's China, Stalin's USSR, and the Nazis? Scientific Atheism and Social Darwinism!
If you believe Nazis were Christians, how do you explain their mass killing of Jews who had converted to Christianity? It was Social Darwinism.
bigotry
You are exhibiting plenty of that towards religious people.
You are exhibiting plenty of that towards religious people.
I'm not pre-judging. I'm judging based on history. And my comments have always been directed towards religion itself, not religious people, so nice Straw Man argument.
What religion was in control of the worst governments in human history: Pol Pot's Cambodia, Mao's China, Stalin's USSR, and the Nazis? Scientific Atheism and Social Darwinism!
Bullshit. See http://patrick.net/?p=1219145
You are exhibiting plenty of that towards religious people.
I'm not pre-judging. I'm judging based on history. And my comments have always been directed towards religion itself, not religious people, so nice Straw Man argument.
You have a very warped view of history, probably thanks to brainwashing from a young age. Your emphatic criticism of religion for Inquisition and the death of one woman almost 2000 years ago while making excuses for the 4-8 orders of magnitude higher mass murder under "scientific atheism" goes to show that you are not only poor on history, but also extremely poor on math.
Your view on religion is very bigotted.
Your view on religion is very bigotted.
Calling someone a bigot because he advocates a different political position than you is a form of bigotry and hypocritical.
Furthermore, the Spanish Inquisition was just one of dozens of atrocities I've listed here. But since you obviously want me to repeat them...
In A.D. 415, Christians tortured and murdered Hypatia and destroyed the Library of Alexandria, one of the great wonders of the ancient world at the bequest of the Christian bishop Cyril who was made a saint for his actions.
The destruction of knowledge and the suppression of women to the point of killing them was common throughout Christian history. During the Dark and Middle Ages, women were drowned or burned if accused of witchcraft.
Pope John XII (955-964).was born from an incestuous relationship between Pope Sergio III and his 13-year-old daughter Marozie. John, in turn, took his mother as his own mistress.
Pope at 18, he turned the Lateran into a brothel. He was accused by a synod of "sacrilege, simony, perjury, murder, adultery and incest" and was temporarily deposed.
He took his revenge on opponents by hacking off limbs. He was murdered by an enraged husband who caught him having sex with his wife.In 1095, Pope Urban II called upon the Franks to invade the more civilized Muslim world. Begins five centuries of warfare because of religion.
In the 1300s, the glowing eyes and nocturnal behavior of the cat interpreted by the Church as clear proof of diabolic affinity. Wholesale trapping and burning of cats allowed free rein to the spread of the flee-carrying rat. Subsequently, Europe's population was decimated by the plague.
When the plague came, Christians then falsely accused Jews of poisoning wells and proceeded to torture them to death. In 1411 Dominican Vincente Ferrer revived anti-Jewish hysteria in Spain calling Jews "cohorts of the Devil and Anti-Christ, clever, warped and doomed".
In 1415 John Huss of Bohemia, critic of papal corruption but guaranteed personal safety, burned at the stake. "When dealing with heretics, one is not obligated to keep his word." – Pope Gregory XII.
In 1415 Pope John XXIII was deposed. "The most scandalous charges were suppressed; the Vicar of Christ was only accused of piracy, murder, rape, sodomy and incest."
– Gibbon (Decline & Fall)In 1478 Pope Sixtus IV, in alliance with King Ferdinand of Spain, establishes the Spanish Inquisition. Jews, Moors and heretics will be imprisoned, tortured and murdered for centuries.
The bisexual Sixtus, though suffering from syphilis, fathers children from his elder sister.In 1484 Pope Innocent VIII decrees that cats are unholy creatures, to be burned along with the witches that own them. Not so innocent after all.
In 1553 John Calvin, the "Protestant Pope" of Geneva proves his Christian credentials by having Michael Servetus, the Spanish physician, burned at the stake for heresy. Servetus had opposed Trinitarianism and infant baptism.
In 1600 after a seven-year trial before the Inquisition, Giordano Bruno, who had the audacity to suggest that space was boundless and that the sun and its planets were not unique, is condemned and burned at the stake.
1618-1648 Central Europe devastated by Thirty Years' War between Catholics and Protestants.
From the 17th to the 19th century, Christians wholesale slaughter the Native Americans or pagan heathens as they were known. The Christian destroyed all Native American religions in the same way they destroyed the religions of antiquity, though brute force.
By conservative estimates, the population of the United states prior to European contact was greater than 12 million. Four centuries later, the count was reduced by 95% to 237 thousand.
- Sharon Johnston, The Genocide of Native Americans: A Sociological View, 1996.
Throughout the 18th and 19th centuries, Christian churches endorsed slavery, racism, and the subordination of women. During the civil war, American Christians proclaimed, and rightfully so, that both the Old and the New Testaments of the Bible supported and advocated slavery. Here are some quotes from both testaments that the American Christian slavers used to justify slavery.
However, you may purchase male or female slaves from among the foreigners who live among you. You may also purchase the children of such resident foreigners, including those who have been born in your land. You may treat them as your property, passing them on to your children as a permanent inheritance. You may treat your slaves like this, but the people of Israel, your relatives, must never be treated this way. (Leviticus 25:44-46 NLT)
If you buy a Hebrew slave, he is to serve for only six years. Set him free in the seventh year, and he will owe you nothing for his freedom. If he was single when he became your slave and then married afterward, only he will go free in the seventh year. But if he was married before he became a slave, then his wife will be freed with him. If his master gave him a wife while he was a slave, and they had sons or daughters, then the man will be free in the seventh year, but his wife and children will still belong to his master. But the slave may plainly declare, 'I love my master, my wife, and my children. I would rather not go free.' If he does this, his master must present him before God. Then his master must take him to the door and publicly pierce his ear with an awl. After that, the slave will belong to his master forever. (Exodus 21:2-6 NLT)
When a man sells his daughter as a slave, she will not be freed at the end of six years as the men are. If she does not please the man who bought her, he may allow her to be bought back again. But he is not allowed to sell her to foreigners, since he is the one who broke the contract with her. And if the slave girl's owner arranges for her to marry his son, he may no longer treat her as a slave girl, but he must treat her as his daughter. If he himself marries her and then takes another wife, he may not reduce her food or clothing or fail to sleep with her as his wife. If he fails in any of these three ways, she may leave as a free woman without making any payment. (Exodus 21:7-11 NLT)
When a man strikes his male or female slave with a rod so hard that the slave dies under his hand, he shall be punished. If, however, the slave survives for a day or two, he is not to be punished, since the slave is his own property. (Exodus 21:20-21 NAB)
Slaves, obey your earthly masters with deep respect and fear. Serve them sincerely as you would serve Christ. (Ephesians 6:5 NLT)
Christians who are slaves should give their masters full respect so that the name of God and his teaching will not be shamed. If your master is a Christian, that is no excuse for being disrespectful. You should work all the harder because you are helping another believer by your efforts. Teach these truths, Timothy, and encourage everyone to obey them. (1 Timothy 6:1-2 NLT)
The servant will be severely punished, for though he knew his duty, he refused to do it. "But people who are not aware that they are doing wrong will be punished only lightly. Much is required from those to whom much is given, and much more is required from those to whom much more is given." (Luke 12:47-48 NLT)
1834 The Spanish Inquisition finally ends. However, Church-sanctioned torture continues until 1917.
In 1844, the Protection of Children Act allows Church missionaries in Australia to kidnap aboriginal children.
In 1864 Pius IX issues the encyclical Quanta cura and the Syllabus of Errors. It condemns some 80 propositions derived from scientific method and rationalism. Liberalism and socialism are denounced.
In the 1930s/1940s Hitler, a Roman Catholic, is never excommunicated for causing the death of millions; whereas Martin Luther was excommunicated for criticism of the papal system.
In the 20th and 21st century, Christianity has been responsible for the spread of AIDS by condemning the use of condoms resulting in an epidemic in Africa, as well as discrimination against homosexuals and the murder of gay, lesbian, and transgender persons.
Preachers like Pastor Charles Worley call for the deaths of "queers and homosexuals" and rallies their flocks to hate. Tens of millions of Americans follow "conservative" preachers like this one. This is why Christians picket funerals with "God hate fags" signs and oppose gay marriage, something required by equality under law.
Right?
It's almost like each and every one of these individuals have unresolved emotional trauma related to their experience with religious upbringing or unresolved chemical imbalances that cause them to want to thrust atheism down the throats of others.
I've spent roughly half my life as an atheist and half as a born again Christian and not once have I had the desire to force someone else to accept my beliefs nor have I felt compelled to insult and/or belittle those who believe differently than I do.
I think this bears repeating considering the content of this thread.
Feel free to resurrect this old thread: http://patrick.net/?p=1219145
Part of a greater balance. No faction of social control is perfect. There are plenty examples of police states and both religious and non-religious in nature. Often religion is co-opted to make dictators and kings look legitimate or ordained. However, hope and a belief in something more seems to reappear from the ashes of human ruin. And while you might think its funny to list the transgressions of religious leadership or the police states (governments) they affected or ran, there is the other side, the family and community and grass roots side, and this and its goodness are always ignored.
They are ignored or seen as a threat by those obsessed with complete control over others. I know extreme leftists who would have a maoist state if they got their way that derive peace in worhsip with others. There is something more to people than politics and government. Family, soul and immediate community and camaraderie are greater than any nasty government will be over the long term.
Dan,
Not sure what the purpose of your long lists is. Added up altogether, they don't even come to within the same order of magnitude as the vast numbers that Stalinist and Maoist regimes killed in the most recent century in pursuit of "scientific atheism." Perhaps you are so poor in math that you think you can beat 100,000,000 by listing atrocities by the other camp one piece at a time.
BTW, you are also being an ignoramus in history when you don't realize historical events have to assessed by contemporary standards of their own time. The Hebrew Laws that you cited were actually very enlightened for their time: the 6yr statue of limitation for fellow Hebrews sold into slavery was far more humane than what most of their neighbors had some 3500 years ago. Back then the most prominent cause for people selling into slavery in peace time (i.e. not war prisoners) was debt slavery. In most cultures, that was permanent and heritable! The Hebrew Law stipulating 6yr limit was almost as progressive thinking as bankruptcy protection. Likewise, the rule regarding what happens to the slave girl if married to the son actually was a direct expression of emancipation requirement.
Added up altogether, they don't even come to within the same order of magnitude as the vast numbers that Stalinist and Maoist regimes killed in the most recent century in pursuit of "scientific atheism."
As stated in the other thread, Stalin and Maoist were not motivated to kill because of atheism any more than they were motivated by mustaches. However, from the Inquisition to the Crusades to 9/11, such attacks were motivated by religion as are the violations of civil rights like DOMA.
The only point you can make, and one that has never been disputed, is that an state without religion can be tyrannical. But the point I've made, which you have yet to even address, is that religion adds to the tyranny of a state, it never subtracts from it. A state that isn't oppressive must be one free from the influence of religion, plain and simple.
, there is the other side, the family and community and grass roots side, and this and its goodness are always ignored.
None of those things are intrinsic to religion though. You can strip away all the lies, the lies about deities and miracles and the false history, and what are you left with? Philosophy. Imperfect philosophy, but that's ok.
Once you removed all the lies from religion and boil it down to philosophy, you can debate the philosophy, improve it, revise it as time changes. You still get all the "goodness", all the sense of community, and everything else that was falsely attributed to the religion without any of the evils of the religion.
The problems with religions, all of them, are
1. They are all based on lies and any power structure or philosophy based on lies will become corrupt.
2. They are unquestionable, and if you do question them you are tortured, killed, imprisoned, or exiled from the community. Philosophy doesn't suffer from this defect.
3. Religion can never change. It's based on dogma, not conversation.
4. Since conversation is out of the question, so is rationality. All mistakes or corruption in a religion are maintained forever.
5. People will violently squash competing religions and non-believers. This is rarely the case with philosophy.
6. The particular Bronzed-Age and Iron-Age religions of today have really bad moral codes written by really immoral, sexist, xenophobic, and barbaric people. Yeah, life really has gotten better over the past 2000 years. Society has actually learned a thing or two.
As stated in the other thread, Stalin and Maoist were not motivated to kill because of atheism any more than they were motivated by mustaches. However, from the Inquisition to the Crusades to 9/11, such attacks were motivated by religion as are the violations of civil rights like DOMA.
BS. You obviously are too clueless to realize that the 4th Crusade sacked Constantinople, the richest city in all Christiandom at that time, or that the northern crusades waged wars against already converted Christians. Likewise, the Inquisition was carried out with very strong economic motivations: if you owe your Jewish neighbor money, you may have a financial incentive to denounce him! Just like denouncing clandestine clergy men in revolutionary atheistic France. You are kidding yourself if you think those alcohol-drinking stripper-groping alleged terrorists did 9/11 for religion instead of money or personal megalomania.
Stalin and Mao on the other hand did actually mass murder members of all religions precisely because they did not want any religion to compete against their own "Scientific Atheism." Mustache is irrelevant, Stalin and Mao wanted Atheism because they did not want to their own power be checked by any hocus pocus.
But the point I've made, which you have yet to even address, is that religion adds to the tyranny of a state, it never subtracts from it. A state that isn't oppressive must be one free from the influence of religion, plain and simple.
You are confusing State vs. Society. In order to maintain a relatively free Society, the State has to be kept in check. Religious devotions on the part of the population can be a strong alternative source of popular power, just look at what profession was Martin Luther King, Jr. when he and his followers marched against the oppressive segregationist State, or for that matter Bejamin Tutu of South Africa.
That's why State promotion of Atheism is inherently very dangerous. You are one of the products of that promotion in the public school brainwashing system in the recent decades.
That's why State promotion of Atheism is inherently very dangerous.
I've never argued for state promotion of atheism. I've argued that the state should be culture-agnostic and that the state and the church should be separated by an impenetrable wall. That would make state promotion of atheism or religion impossible. You are arguing against a Straw Man.
However, as a private citizen, I most certainly have the right to inform people of the evils of religion. There are no evils of atheism. Sure there are evils of tyranny, but atheism is simply the rejection of the supernatural including fictitious gods; it is not a political position.
You are one of the products of that promotion in the public school brainwashing system in the recent decades.
Once again, your bigotry is apparent and it causes you to make factually incorrect statements. I have never attended a public school in my life. I am a product of the Catholic parochial school system. Oh shit, I guess that blows apart your theory.
The problems with religions, all of them, are
1. They are all based on lies and any power structure or philosophy based on lies will become corrupt.
How is the faith in State any different? What's to keep people stick to contracts since it's neigh impossible for the state to enforce every contract? If you are diagnosed with cancer today with 6 months to live, what's to prevent you from going out raping every women you can find and killing everyone else just for kicks? The most the State can impose on you is death penalty, and that usually takes more than 6 months to go through trial and execution process. That's why almost every religion proposes "After-life" . . .
2. They are unquestionable, and if you do question them you are tortured, killed, imprisoned, or exiled from the community. Philosophy doesn't suffer from this defect.
You are describing the actions of the State, not Religion. Atheistic States have actually tortured, killed, imprisoned and exiled from the community far more people on philosophical and political grounds in the past century than all other countries combined.
OTOH, you are quite free to invent your own religion if you wish and try to sell it on the street. If you want to talk about IRS tax status for your new religion, that's again a problem with the State.
3. Religion can never change. It's based on dogma, not conversation.
You can invent new religion, just like inventing any hypothesis or theory. The dogma part comes in when State funding is involved. In that case, even the allegedly scientific community is full of dogma after State funding is involved.
4. Since conversation is out of the question, so is rationality. All mistakes or corruption in a religion are maintained forever.
After involvement of State funding, the dogma persists until the funding mechanism dies. The soviet union had that experience with their weird brand of genetics. We may well be witnessing the same with AGW.
5. People will violently squash competing religions and non-believers. This is rarely the case with philosophy.
Yet, the French revolutionaries chopping off priestly heads, and the Soviet/Chinese/Cambodian anti-religion mass murders were the bloodiest ever for their respective times.
However, as a private citizen, I most certainly have the right to inform people of the evils of religion. There are no evils of atheism. Sure there are evils of tyranny, but atheism is simply the rejection of the supernatural including fictitious gods; it is not a political position.
While a private citizen certainly has the right to freedom of expression, "informing people of the evils of religion" makes about as much sense as "informing people of the evils of sex" and probably comes from the same type of sex-deprived loner life experience. Go get laid.
I have never attended a public school in my life. I am a product of the Catholic parochial school system. Oh shit, I guess that blows apart your theory.
Now we know your mental problem, as Dodgerfanjohn suspected.
How is the faith in State any different?
Who the hell says I have faith in the state? I believe in transparency, not faith.
What's to keep people stick to contracts since it's neigh impossible for the state to enforce every contract? If you are diagnosed with cancer today with 6 months to live, what's to prevent you from going out raping every women you can find and killing everyone else just for kicks?
Empirically, beliefs in false gods have not stopped people from committing atrocities especially if they have nothing to lose. However, belief in false gods have caused people to commit atrocities.
If you are arguing that we should lie to the dumb-ass masses about there being a god in order to exercise control over them, history has proven this to be a losing strategy. And I would argue that it is also an unethical one.
Atheistic States have actually tortured, killed, imprisoned and exiled from the community far more people on philosophical and political grounds in the past century than all other countries combined.
Stalin and Mao most certainly did not kill and torture people because they were atheists any more than because they had mustaches. The same cannot be truthfully said about theists.
That's why almost every religion proposes "After-life" . . .
It is still a lie and an effective one at controlling the masses anyway.
While a private citizen certainly has the right to freedom of expression, "informing people of the evils of religion" makes about as much sense as "informing people of the evils of sex" and probably comes from the same type of sex-deprived loner life experience. Go get laid.
Once again you make an assumption based on your warped image of reality rather than on facts. I have never advocated that sex is evil. In fact, had you actually read any of even my most recent posts, you would have seen me arguing with Fort Wayne that there is nothing inherently immoral or evil about sex. Once again, reality blows away your twisted theory.
Perhaps if you would shut up and listen, you would be wrong less often.
I have never attended a public school in my life. I am a product of the Catholic parochial school system. Oh shit, I guess that blows apart your theory.
Now we know your mental problem, as Dodgerfanjohn suspected.
You made an incorrect assertion and when you got called on it, instead of admitting your mistake like an honest person would, you instead make the opposite and equally incorrect assertion. This shows a complete lack of emotional maturity. Since you are incapable of conversing at an adult level, this conversation is over. And further posts by you on this thread will be deleted. My tolerance for sexually frustrated trolls has its limits.
Apparently you aren't able to tell the difference between state-controlled fake religious institutions vs. genuine religious institutions.
Know of any major US religions that pay taxes? I'd say any that apply for special status, are state-controlled fake religions.
I am a product of the Catholic parochial school system.
dan are you one of us pagan babies?
re: catholic religious chummin up to the nazies pictures, they remind me of pictures i saw just recently of the current pope francis hanging out with the argentinian junta monsters back in the ’70’s.
dan are you one of us pagan babies?
I have no idea what you mean.
re: catholic religious chummin up to the nazies pictures, they remind me of pictures i saw just recently of the current pope francis hanging out with the argentinian junta monsters back in the ’70’s.
The Church collaborated with many monsters throughout history. The Nazis are just one example. However, those pictures were posted to refute the ridiculous rewriting of history that Nazism was an atheistic movement.
Know of any major US religions that pay taxes? I'd say any that apply for special status, are state-controlled fake religions.
Do you know any non-profit corporations or organizations that pay taxes? (P.S. Responding that religions are really for profit is a non-answer, as the same can be said for the majority of non-profits).
Do you know any non-profit corporations or organizations that pay taxes? (P.S. Responding that religions are really for profit is a non-answer, as the same can be said for the majority of non-profits).
or partnerships or S-Corp since they are all pass through income and tax entities...
the taxation is based on sound reason.. this all escapes the general public which
dont understand the reasons behind our tax laws..
Working Class Warrior.
Social Justice Warriors irritate me, and aren't really liberal since they're obsessed with censoring, creating 'safe spaces' for certain people while excluding others, and marginalizing free speech, which they mock as "Freeze Peach".
That's why almost every religion proposes "After-life" . . .
Yeah, where you can be tortured indefinitely for finite deeds, including not obeying the Sky Daddy. Talk about tyranny.Reality says
You are describing the actions of the State, not Religion. Atheistic States have actually tortured, killed, imprisoned and exiled from the community far more people on philosophical and political grounds in the past century than all other countries combined.
See the Inquisition. And witch-burnings.
Play the man, Master Ridley.
The Church and its Believers were so glad of the auto da fe, they even painted earlier Saints like Dominic participating in them. To say nothing of the "Limpieza" in 20th Century Spain and South America.
If you believe Nazis were Christians, how do you explain their mass killing of Jews who had converted to Christianity? It was Social Darwinism.
bigotry
The old "Fake Convert/Jewish in Disguise" shit. The purpose of the Inquisition wasn't to kill Jews, but to kill converted Jews and take their property - some for the "informer", the rest for the Church. The auto da fe only had authority over Catholics, and was obsessed with Jewish "Conversos" and the veracity of their conversion.
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