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Which oils to avoid?


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2023 Jan 21, 7:13pm   20,206 views  175 comments

by Patrick   ➕follow (55)   💰tip   ignore  

I'm increasingly frustrated at the rapeseed oil (euphemistically called "Canola" oil by Canadian producers) and palm kernel oil that seems to be in almost all food. Pretty much everything at Trader Joe's seems to have one or the other. I was even at a Russian shop in Palo Alto today (Samovar, fun place) and found the poppyseed cake my grandmother used to make - except it was with margarine instead of butter, ugh.

Which of them are worth avoiding entirely?

Here are the fats and oils I think are bad:

- margarine (which is just canola and other crap oils hardened to make them stick in your arteries better)
- canola oil
- cottonseed oil (especially bad)
- palm kernel oil

I'm undecided about these:

- soybean oil
- sunflower seed oil
- avocado oil
- coconut oil
- peanut oil

I'm sure these are pretty good for you:

- olive oil
- butter
- lard (yes, I think lard is OK to eat)


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38   NuttBoxer   2023 Feb 6, 7:41am  

mell says

To date I haven't seen any study that suggests oils or fats per se are bad for the arteries.


It depends on what the oils hydrogenation temperature is. As long as you stay under that, the oil will not get sludgy at room temp. That's why Avocado is one of the best.
39   mell   2023 Feb 6, 8:30am  

NuttBoxer says

mell says


To date I haven't seen any study that suggests oils or fats per se are bad for the arteries.


It depends on what the oils hydrogenation temperature is. As long as you stay under that, the oil will not get sludgy at room temp. That's why Avocado is one of the best.

Agreed that's why you want to avoid partially hydrogenated oils.
40   mell   2023 Feb 6, 8:31am  

RayAmerica says

mell says


Patrick palm kernel oil contains tricaprin, which according to latest studies not only protects, but reverses coronary artery / heart disease! It's not that easy to vilify all vegetable/fruit/seed oils. The science is always changing! In general palm, palm kernel, mct and coconut oils are considered heart healthy now.

Almost every positive 'study' that is produced is financed by corporations. It works in a similar way to the prosecution and the defense calling "experts" in order to testify in a trial. Both experts are hired by the different sides in order to provide the testimony that fits with their side. That's precisely why we keep seeing conflicting reports, all based upon 'independent studies.'

Trust NOTHING by the FDA, which is loaded with political appointments from the corporations.

Sure but this research is not FDA related or corporation sponsored, also medium chain fatty acids have been deemed healthy for quite a long time now.
41   mell   2023 Feb 6, 8:34am  

Patrick says

I don't know that I trust any studies anymore though. If so many were rigged by pharma, a lot are probably rigged by some other industries too.

Medium chain fatty acids, coconut/mct oil has been deemed healthy for quite a long time already. I doubt these studies are tainted. Just pointing out is that it depends on the plant and the degree you heat it to.
42   WookieMan   2023 Feb 6, 8:51am  

mell says


I doubt these studies are tainted.

Maybe not tainted, but I do believe most studies have information bias toward the outcome they're hoping for. What's the point of studying something if you didn't already have an opinion on it? It's likely something you believed to be true and most humans hate being wrong about a theory or idea. Especially when it comes to human health.

Not that there's many left, but I believe I've walked through a diet section at a book store like Barnes and Noble. No one really knows the best diet. We know we need certain things, not in excess but with 7B people on the planet, a lot of them have their finger on the scale of diets and health.

I eat what tastes good, doesn't make me fat (generally) and in lesser quantities as I get older. You go to an Italian place here in IL the portions are obscene. I eat a quarter to half of a dish of any pasta style foods. Bring the leftovers home and reheat or just toss them. People feel bad spending $18-40 on an entree at places and feel required to consume it all. I'll eat the best 4oz steak for $40 versus a 12oz average steak for $40 if that makes sense. Bigger is not better and I just don't feel good consuming tons of food at once. Quality over quantity is my take.
43   Dholliday126   2023 Feb 6, 9:04am  

I think this is is best. Based on Dr. Gundry(comes off as a quack), but it really cleared up some inflammation issues. Instead of sugar, I use Stevia which takes some time to get used to, but once you do, eating sugar seems weird.


44   RayAmerica   2023 Feb 6, 9:21am  

mell says

Sure but this research is not FDA related or corporation sponsored, also medium chain fatty acids have been deemed healthy for quite a long time now.

I was referring to the FDA as a side bar. Corporations donate money to universities, 'research studies,' etc. with the predetermined intent, via their 'contributions,' to influence the 'study' in a way that is pleasing to the donators. You will never see that these corporations are financing these conflict of interest studies.
45   Ceffer   2023 Feb 6, 11:01am  

Problem with the alternative diet recommendations, is the guy recommending will promote and advertise what he sells vs. everything else. The gurus wind up contradicting each other. However, you can probably take recommendations in common more seriously i.e. nobody recommends starches, refined wheat flour products, cereals, fast food chips or certain oils like Canola or margarine. Also, avoid processed foods that contain an abundance of non fructose sugar.

I think the fiends have devised additives that work in combinations mostly through grains, refined starches, cereals, and some oils and vat stirred processed or paste foods to repress hormones. Combination poisons (i.e. different items from different sources add up to an inhibitor or poison) is the way they do things. If you eliminate the item that is required in the toxin chain to join with another, you can defeat the combination metabolic poisons even if you wind up consuming the incomplete parts. They want to go after basal metabolic rate and testosterone in particular. I think they also regard Vit. D and melatonin as their enemies.

I think some of Dr. Gudry's recommendations are good, some are excessively restrictive. He would have to give some very specific reasons for all the choices.
46   Patrick   2023 Feb 6, 11:13am  

Ceffer says

Problem with the alternative diet recommendations, is the guy recommending will promote and advertise what he sells vs. everything else.


I recently heard one good rule for deciding what to eat: if it has to be advertised, you probably shouldn't eat it.

No one has to advertise, say, flour, butter, or eggs. But they do have to advertise fast food, packaged factory food, etc.
47   HeadSet   2023 Feb 6, 11:39am  

Ceffer says

nobody recommends starches, refined wheat flour products, cereals, fast food chips or certain oils like Canola or margarine.

Oh yeah?
https://youtu.be/n3wf717fKFE
48   Robert Sproul   2023 Feb 6, 1:27pm  

Ceffer says

nobody recommends starches, refined wheat flour products, cereals, fast food chips or certain oils like Canola or margarine.

Tufts University 'Food Compass'


49   Patrick   2023 Feb 6, 1:32pm  

Three instances of product placement right there, proving corruption.

Tufts is pwned.
50   komputodo   2023 Feb 6, 1:38pm  

I've been craving me some millet and egg substitute fried in vegetable oil.
51   NuttBoxer   2023 Feb 6, 2:08pm  

Dholliday126 says

I think this is is best. Based on Dr. Gundry(comes off as a quack), but it really cleared up some inflammation issues. Instead of sugar, I use Stevia which takes some time to get used to, but once you do, eating sugar seems weird.


He gets a lot right, but there's a bunch of good food on his Don't Eat list. That's my biggest problem with any of these people. If you become too restrictive, you have to really embrace variety in other places, or you end up malnourished.

A big miss on that graphic, nuts need to be raw, and refrigerated after opening. Otherwise the oils become rancid.

Honey is a complex sugar, one of the best things you can eat, especially for seasonal allergies. Yogurt has naturally occurring pro-biotics, and consumption through food is always better absorbed than through pills. Quinoa is a complete protein, Basmati rice is longer chained. Especially with what's coming, you WANT grains on hand. And unless you are a vegetable eating machine, don't say not to any veggies as long as they're organic.
52   stereotomy   2023 Feb 6, 4:19pm  

Robert Sproul says


Ceffer says


nobody recommends starches, refined wheat flour products, cereals, fast food chips or certain oils like Canola or margarine.

Tufts University 'Food Compass'




All you have to do is invert the graph to know what to eat. What a load of seriously deadly bullshit.
53   richwicks   2023 Feb 6, 4:31pm  

Dholliday126 says


I use Stevia which takes some time to get used to, but once you do, eating sugar seems weird.


I used Stevia too.

If you're using Kal brand, they've recently changed their formulation somehow. It used to be "Pure Stevia" now it's "Sure Stevia".

Stevia is kind of cool in that a tiny bottle, lasts me literally more than a year. It's like $50 for a bottle of the powder, but it lasts forever. Stevia is very similar in flavor to saccharine, but it's (supposedly) healthier. I don't make much use of sweeteners, although I do like Chai and lemonade from time to time. Chai is just strongly brewed tea plus cardamon and ginger - you brew it with cracked cardamon pods and a slice or two of ginger root. I make a hell of a lot of it at once.

Stevia does NOT like dissolving in cold liquids, but it will eventually. I make coffee milk - use instant coffee and throw into 1/2 gallon of milk, plus stevia, then shake, and let it dissolve overnight. I made the mistake of drinking two glasses of the stuff today, and I'm wired off my ass.
54   richwicks   2023 Feb 6, 4:34pm  

Robert Sproul says

Ceffer says


nobody recommends starches, refined wheat flour products, cereals, fast food chips or certain oils like Canola or margarine.

Tufts University 'Food Compass'





HAHA - all the top recommended are junk foods except for kale and watermelon, both of which I hate.
55   mell   2023 Feb 6, 4:36pm  

richwicks says


Dholliday126 says


I use Stevia which takes some time to get used to, but once you do, eating sugar seems weird.


I used Stevia too.

If you're using Kal brand, they've recently changed their formulation somehow. It used to be "Pure Stevia" now it's "Sure Stevia".

Stevia is kind of cool in that a tiny bottle, lasts me literally more than a year. It's like $50 for a bottle of the powder, but it lasts forever. Stevia is very similar in flavor to saccharine, but it's (supposedly) healthier. I don't make much use of sweeteners, although I do like Chai and lemonade from time to time. Chai is just strongly brewed tea plus cardamon and ginger - you brew it with cracked cardamon pods and a slice or two of ginger root. I make a hell of a lot of it at once.

Stevia does NOT like dissolving in cold liquids, but it will eventually. I make coffee tea - use instant coffe...


There hasn't been a single non-sugar sweetener (artificial or natural), with the exception of sugar alcohol and monk fruit in moderation, which hasn't felt a bit off in the stomach. I'll stick with real sugar or honey (love honey) 99% of the time. Stevia is not bad though
56   Ceffer   2023 Feb 6, 4:37pm  

Anything from Gov or any related groups and universities will be weighted in proportion to donations and lobbying by industrial food corporations. It is one of the reasons that actual nutrition is hard to figure out, a mass of economic propaganda and purposeful marketing persuasion and disinformation. The alternative food guru types also rely on targeted misinformation to sell shit, making the tower of nutritional Babel even worse.

Also, Pharma wants to keep you chronically ill to keep buying its products, so there's that.
57   richwicks   2023 Feb 6, 4:40pm  

mell says

There hasn't been a single non-sugar sweetener (artificial or natural), with the exception of sugar alcohol and monk fruit in moderation, which hasn't felt a bit off in the stomach. I'll stick with real sugar or honey (love honey) 99% of the time. Stevia is not bad though


I just try to avoid drinking calories and I don't drink much anyhow, unless it's in the form of some sort of beer. Do goddamned love beer. I wish there was a decent beer made, that had the alcohol removed, instead of it just being under-brewed. Seems like they could do it through a vacuum distillation process. There's a few sodas that are decent, THEY are brewed. You can't beat the complexity of a brewed product.
58   mell   2023 Feb 6, 5:50pm  

richwicks says


mell says


There hasn't been a single non-sugar sweetener (artificial or natural), with the exception of sugar alcohol and monk fruit in moderation, which hasn't felt a bit off in the stomach. I'll stick with real sugar or honey (love honey) 99% of the time. Stevia is not bad though


I just try to avoid drinking calories and I don't drink much anyhow, unless it's in the form of some sort of beer. Do goddamned love beer. I wish there was a decent beer made, that had the alcohol removed, instead of it just being under-brewed. Seems like they could do it through a vacuum distillation process. There's a few sodas that are decent, THEY are brewed. You can't beat the complexity of a brewed product.


I drink wine almost every night, 1-2 classes. Wine country makes some of the best wines of the world. I'd rather avoid sodas than wine, beer and the occasional hard liquor/cocktail
59   Patrick   2023 Feb 6, 6:04pm  

Lately I've discovered that Trader Joe's has a decent brandy for $10, looks like this:



It's really a bargain. You might get 20 shots out of it, so 50 cents each.

I'm no expert on brandy though. My only test is "Does it make me cringe?" This one does not.
60   Ceffer   2023 Feb 6, 7:48pm  

Is it guaranteed to reverse the effects of spike protein?
61   Patrick   2023 Feb 6, 8:33pm  

Patrick says

I recently heard one good rule for deciding what to eat: if it has to be advertised, you probably shouldn't eat it.


Hey, good meme material there, so here I go:


62   richwicks   2023 Feb 6, 9:34pm  

Patrick says


Lately I've discovered that Trader Joe's has a decent brandy for $10, looks like this:



It's really a bargain. You might get 20 shots out of it, so 50 cents each.

I'm no expert on brandy though. My only test is "Does it make me cringe?" This one does not.

If you just want cheap alcohol, one thing I'd recommend is Popov vodka in a glass bottle - it's basically diluted everclear. Absolutely do not buy this in a plastic bottle.

It's essentially tasteless, and if you want to make some sort of infusion, it works well. I made ginger vodka. About a cup of (finely) chopped up ginger (packed into a measuring cup), mix with the vodka and let it sit for 4-6 days maybe give a shake here and there, remove the ginger. I'm going to play with rosemary next. I have a giant pyrex measuring cup, I just dump it into that, rise the bottle, and filter it back in. It's said you should peel the ginger, but, engh - I just used a vegetable brush to remove any dirt.

It's super cheap, under $7, basically has no flavor, at least not an offensive one, and it works well with mixed drinks. I would not recommend any vodka straight.

BTW - vanilla extract is nothing more than vanilla beans soaked in vodka. Ever had real vanilla? Probably not, since as children I bet ALL of us made vanilla extract in science class. Made banana too. Vanilla extract is made by taking dried beans, packing them into a small container, and adding just enough vodka to cover them. You end up with a deep dark brown liquid. Been a long time since I've made that, but I think I didn't remove the beans for like 2 weeks at least. Anything you use it in, the alcohol will boil off, unless you're mixing it with something that is going to be cold like ice cream, which has been 30 years since I've made.

Probably people ought to follow published recipes when I think about it: https://www.beanilla.com/blog/homemade-vanilla-extract since there's an army to criticize mistakes.
63   BobHa   2023 Feb 6, 11:03pm  

Robert Sproul says

Ceffer says


nobody recommends starches, refined wheat flour products, cereals, fast food chips or certain oils like Canola or margarine.

Tufts University 'Food Compass'




>honey nut cheerios(literally sugar on carbs)
76
>Ground beef(protein and healty fats)
23

Excuse me whaaaaaat
64   Patrick   2023 Feb 9, 8:25pm  

https://joshketry.substack.com/p/seed-oils-are-slowly-poisoning-us


Seed Oils are Slowly Poisoning Us & Our Children.
...and they are in EVERYTHING.


Not sure I agree with it all, but I remain very suspicious of all the new oils, especially rapeseed oil, aka "canola oil".
65   mell   2023 Feb 9, 8:44pm  

Patrick says


https://joshketry.substack.com/p/seed-oils-are-slowly-poisoning-us


Seed Oils are Slowly Poisoning Us & Our Children.
...and they are in EVERYTHING.


Not sure I agree with it all, but I remain very suspicious of all the new oils, especially rapeseed oil, aka "canola oil".


I don't buy most of it. Especially omega 6 is not bad for you, I consider walnuts one of the healtiest foods to eat and they are high in omega 6. To me this is mostly bs. Sure refined oils in high amounts are probably a bad idea. I'm also no fan of soybean and canola oil. But linking then to literally any disease is junk. So is promoting a carnivore only diet. I eat a lot of meat and love it, but there is bs on both sides. A meat only diet is not what I would recommend. To each their own.
66   richwicks   2023 Feb 9, 9:09pm  

mell says


A meat only diet is not what I would recommend. To each their own.


I go by the hypothesis that our ancestors fit their environment in order to survive in it, and we wouldn't exist, if they were killed by their environment. It was a tremendous advantage to have grandparents help raise children 1000 years ago.

For "my people", refined sugar didn't exist, beer did, but not refined alcohol. They got meat, on occasion, but often ate boiled vegetables. They had plenty of access to milk and eggs, but cheese not so much. Spices were a rarity. Salt wasn't too easy to get, but it was around, and they physically worked a lot.

Certain oils just didn't exist. Butter did, but not vegetable oil. Olive oil was a rarity and probably a treat. Lard was around, so was beef fat.

I'm Irish and Polish, I'd rather be dead than exist on their diet though. Polish food is bland, Irish food isn't so bad, but some of it is pretty disgusting for my palette. I'm never going to eat blood pudding. A lot of my ancestor's food, I consider suitable for dogs, but not for me. Guess I've become an elitist twat that my ancestors would want to spit on. That's fine, I respect them anyhow.
67   mell   2023 Feb 9, 9:21pm  

richwicks says


mell says


A meat only diet is not what I would recommend. To each their own.


I go by the hypothesis that our ancestors fit their environment in order to survive in it, and we wouldn't exist, if they were killed by their environment. It was a tremendous advantage to have grandparents help raise children 1000 years ago.

For "my people", refined sugar didn't exist, beer did, but not refined alcohol. They got meat, on occasion, but often ate boiled vegetables. They had plenty of access to milk and eggs, but cheese not so much. Spices were a rarity. Salt wasn't too easy to get, but it was around, and they physically worked a lot.

Certain oils just didn't exist. Butter did, but not vegetable oil. Olive oil was a rarity and probably a treat. Lard was around, so was beef fat.

I'm Irish and Polish, I'd rather be dead than exist on their diet though. Polish f...


I consider a boiled potato with skin, given it's not laced with pesticides (preferably organic origin), a perfectly healthy food (similarly carrots/yams). Superfood so to say. Gentle on the stomach and gives you almost all the nutrients you need, readily and easily to absorb, high in potassium. That's why I think potato chips aren't necessarily bad for you, in moderation. Not as good as the real potato deal though of course.
68   richwicks   2023 Feb 9, 10:31pm  

mell says


I consider a boiled potato with skin, given it's not laced with pesticides (preferably organic origin), a perfectly healthy food (similarly carrots/yams). Superfood so to say. Gentle on the stomach and gives you almost all the nutrients you need, readily and easily to absorb, high in potassium. That's why I think potato chips aren't necessarily bad for you, in moderation. Not as good as the real potato deal though of course.


I do enjoy baked potatoes. I can eat them with just salt and pepper on them, nothing else.

Potato chips though.. Umm, that's deep fried in some shit. When I want that I tend to cut up a potato or two into slices, dump them into water to soak over night, and then fry them in a pan of usually butter or ghee (ghee is just clarified butter - it's easy to buy here) to fry fry them up.

I'm becoming aware of deep fried anything at my age. I'm very aware of the oil. I'll do it sometimes, but rarely. My body tells me its bad for me. I cannot explain it, but eating deep fried anything my brain is saying "noooooooooo!" and really, I can taste all the oil, and it's too much. There a lot of foods I enjoyed as a kid that I now find disgusting now.
69   NuttBoxer   2023 Feb 10, 8:28am  

mell says

A meat only diet is not what I would recommend.


There are people who do it, but they eat head-to-toe. If you're going to do vegetarian or carnivore, either way the key is variety.
70   NuttBoxer   2023 Feb 10, 8:30am  

mell says

I consider a boiled potato with skin, given it's not laced with pesticides (preferably organic origin), a perfectly healthy food (similarly carrots/yams). Superfood so to say. Gentle on the stomach and gives you almost all the nutrients you need, readily and easily to absorb, high in potassium. That's why I think potato chips aren't necessarily bad for you, in moderation. Not as good as the real potato deal though of course.


The less cooked, the better. High heat is really the issue with chips. With baked, it's the soft starch/glucose increase.
71   NuttBoxer   2023 Feb 10, 8:34am  

mell says

Especially omega 6 is not bad for you, I consider walnuts one of the healtiest foods to eat and they are high in omega 6.


It's the way you get it that's the problem. Those oils are made using a process that separates things intended to remain together. With a walnut you get the Omega6 in it's natural intended state. Same way complex sugars(honey, fruits) are great for you, but when they're separated(added sugar), they're not.
72   mell   2023 Feb 19, 9:43am  

NuttBoxer says


Dholliday126 says


I think this is is best. Based on Dr. Gundry(comes off as a quack), but it really cleared up some inflammation issues. Instead of sugar, I use Stevia which takes some time to get used to, but once you do, eating sugar seems weird.


He gets a lot right, but there's a bunch of good food on his Don't Eat list. That's my biggest problem with any of these people. If you become too restrictive, you have to really embrace variety in other places, or you end up malnourished.

A big miss on that graphic, nuts need to be raw, and refrigerated after opening. Otherwise the oils become rancid.

Honey is a complex sugar, one of the best things you can eat, especially for seasonal allergies. Yogurt has naturally occurring pro-biotics, and consumption through food is always better absorbed than through pills. Quinoa is a complete protein, Basmati rice is...


Gundry is very wrong on lectins imo. Lectins slow down digestion and aid weight loss. Many are studied now for their cancer inhibiting properties. Sure if you're sensitive to something, cut it out if you need to. Otherwise you'd miss out on all the good things about eating the whole nuts/fruits/legumes. Agree with Gundry on pistachios likely being the healthiest nut, maybe on par with walnut. That being said, pretty much all nuts are great.
73   rocketjoe79   2023 Feb 19, 9:56am  

I have a rule while traveling:

Don't eat food with a SYSCO Barcode. This would be all your chain restaurants like Olive Garden, BJ's, Red Robin, et al. Fast food only if you're really in a hurry (or craving, I guess.)

Look for one-offs with Yelp or Trip Advisor.
74   mell   2023 Feb 19, 10:04am  

rocketjoe79 says

I have a rule while traveling:

Don't eat food with a SYSCO Barcode. This would be all your chain restaurants like Olive Garden, BJ's, Red Robin, et al. Fast food only if you're really in a hurry (or craving, I guess.)

Look for one-offs with Yelp or Trip Advisor.

I can't be that consequent ;) kudos
75   Patrick   2023 May 16, 10:32pm  

https://barsoom.substack.com/p/depopulocalypse


I find it darkly amusing that our overlords are so dead set on eliminating tobacco, which can slightly reduce birth weight doncha know, while force-feeding the plebs toxic seed oils that are almost certainly a primary reason for the obesity crisis. Seed oils, more often referred to as ‘vegetable’ oils, appear to systematically slow down metabolic function, meaning people who get a large fraction of their calories from these sources are burning less energy than they should be at a baseline level when they’re just sitting there doing nothing. The connection between metabolic slowing and the spike in obesity over recent decades should be obvious – sedentary lifestyles are doubtless a factor, but we aren’t that much physically lazier than we were in, say, the 50s. No one went to the gym back then, yet no one was fat. Odd, no?
76   AmericanKulak   2023 May 16, 11:49pm  

I think McD's used to fry their fries in the grill grease, which is meat fat. Until the 90s, when they switched to vegetable oil.

If you can't make the oil by pressing it, don't use it.
77   Patrick   2023 May 17, 12:00am  

Brave search synopsis:

Canola oil is made by slightly heating and crushing canola seeds at a processing facility. The seeds are then flaked to release the oil. Almost all commercial canola oil is extracted using hexane solvent, which is recovered at the end of processing. The extracted oil is refined using water precipitation and organic acid to remove gums and free fatty acids, filtering to remove color, and deodorizing using steam distillation.


Hexane is pretty poisonous. I wonder how much is left in the food.


Exposure to n-hexane can cause neurotoxicity, leading to symptoms such as vertigo, giddiness, and drowsiness. Longer-term exposures can lead to peripheral neuropathy, with symmetrical paraesthesia and weakness, particularly in the lower extremities.


Ah, rapeseed oil (branded Canola) itself is toxic:


Historically, it was restricted as a food oil due to its content of erucic acid, which in laboratory studies was shown to be damaging to the cardiac muscle of laboratory animals in high quantities and which imparts a bitter taste, and glucosinolates, which made it less nutritious in animal feed.[1][2] Rapeseed oil from standard cultivars can contain up to 54% erucic acid.[3]

Canola oil is a food-grade version developed in Canada (hence the name, see below) derived from rapeseed cultivars specifically bred for low erucic acid content. Also known as low erucic acid rapeseed (LEAR) oil, it has been generally recognized as safe by the United States Food and Drug Administration.[4] Canola oil is limited by government regulation to a maximum of 2% erucic acid by weight in the US[4] and the EU,[5] with special regulations for infant food. These low levels of erucic acid do not cause harm in humans.[4][6]


Just keep saying "It's safe and effective, safe and effective, safe and effective..."

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